Seems like I broke the iPhone already.
"iTunes could not sync mail accounts to the iPhone [my phone] because an error occurred while mingling data". Uh-oh.
update: Seems like deselecting the mail accounts to be synced, syncing and then checking them off again and syncing again fixed it.
I tried your solution with no luck. I am trying to write from outlook to the iphone now and see if the sync works, since I type better on the computer and usually only update there.